“Sustainability” is not a word many would associate with one of the biggest elephants in the room called the Textile Industry. As applaudable as countless public and private initiatives may be, they appear to be nothing more than a drop in the ocean. A lot more needs to happen a lot quicker if we don’t want our future generations to spend their lives cleaning up the mess we left them with. But don’t be too quick to blame the industry alone: it is us who got us there.

There is, for example, a lot that Nanotechnology can do for the textile industry to make it more sustainable in ways most might not have thought of yet. We’ll examine some of the most promising approaches and take a closer look at their potential.

📌  By Lotus Nano

Do you ever find yourself saying, "Wow! Two T-shirts for the price of one - Let's grab them now!" or “Let’s pass by [fill in whatever store you like]! I need to gear up for the summer with a new wardrobe in yellow!” Well, those quick purchases are adding up, and they're contributing to a massive problem that we can’t seem to get under control.

The fashion industry alone is producing 100 billion new garments every year, and the average person is buying 60% more clothing items than they did 15 years ago (that was in 2015!), but only keeping them for half as long. This culture of overconsumption has led to the rise of fast fashion, where clothing is produced quickly and cheaply, resulting in an environmental disaster.

This mentality of buying clothes as a disposable item has led to $500 billion worth of clothing being discarded and lost every year. It's time to make a change and start considering the impact of our shopping habits. By making more conscious choices, we can reduce our environmental footprint and make a difference in the world. So next time you think, "why not?" - think again. The true cost of that purchase might be more than you bargained for.

And that’s “just” fast-fashion. The whole textile industry has been a significant player in the global economy for centuries with little signs of loosing steam. From cotton to silk to polyester, the production and consumption of textiles have been a fundamental aspect of our daily lives anywhere you look.

However, the industry's growth and expansion have come at a significant cost to the environment, with its impact on carbon emissions, water pollution, and waste generation. Like with any other industry where the real bill is paid by only one: and that’s our planet. As consumers, we need to recognise the importance of sustainable practices in the textile industry to secure the survival of our species with dignity.

This article will examine the root caused and the environmental consequences of the textile industry. We will highlight positive initiatives and sustainable practices in the industry, and explore what’s already possible and done and we’ll have a closer look at the huge potential of nanotechnology to become a more sustainability industry.

1. Planned obsolescence - This is a strategy used by many manufacturers to ensure that their products have a limited lifespan. This forces consumers to replace their products more frequently, leading to more sales and more profits for the manufacturer.
2. Over-packaging - Many products are packaged in excessive amounts of plastic or other materials, which not only adds to the cost of the product but also creates more waste.
3. Single-use products - Disposable products, such as paper plates, plastic utensils, and even clothing, are designed to be used once and then thrown away. This creates a significant amount of waste and contributes to environmental problems.
4. Fast food - Fast food is designed to be quick, convenient, cheap and convenient enough to keep coming back for more. Served food is often highly processed, high in calories, fat, salt, and sugar, and served in disposable packaging.
5. Disposable technology - Many electronic devices, such as smartphones and laptops, are designed to be replaced every few years. This creates a significant amount of electronic waste and contributes to environmental problems.
6. Excessive packaging - Some products are wrapped in excessive amounts of packaging, such as boxes within boxes or items wrapped in plastic and then placed in a box. This not only adds to the cost of the product but also creates more waste.
7. Planned scarcity - Some products are deliberately released in limited quantities, creating a sense of scarcity and urgency among consumers. This drives up demand and can lead to higher prices.
8. Unnecessary upgrades - Many products, such as cars and appliances, are redesigned and upgraded every few years, even when the previous model is still perfectly functional. This creates a sense of obsolescence and drives sales of new products.
9. Greenwashing: Some companies use misleading claims about sustainability to appeal to environmentally-conscious consumers. They may use packaging or product designs that imply eco-friendliness, but in reality, the products are made from non-recyclable materials like plastic. This harms the environment and misleads consumers.
10. Disguising waste - For example: clothing or accessories made from synthetic fibres like polyester or acrylic, which are derived from non-renewable resources and can take hundreds of years to decompose, but marketed as eco-friendly alternatives to natural fibres like cotton or wool
11. Deceptive advertising - Some companies use misleading or exaggerated claims in their advertising to lure consumers into buying their products. This can create false expectations and result in disappointment or even harm.
12. Product bundling - Bundling products together at a discounted price can encourage consumers to buy more than they need or want, leading to higher sales for the company.
13. Food expiry dates: can contribute to food waste due to confusing labels, over-caution, short shelf life, distribution inefficiencies, and production inefficiencies. It’s been found that some companies may set overly conservative expiry dates in order to increase profits by encouraging consumers to throw out food and purchase more frequently.
14. Planned production shortages - Some companies intentionally produce fewer products than there is demand for, creating a sense of scarcity and encouraging consumers to buy quickly before the product runs out.
15. Excessive discounting - Over-reliance on sales and discounts can create a culture of impulsive buying, as consumers feel the pressure to buy now before the sale ends.
16. Limited edition releases - Similar to planned production shortages, releasing limited edition products creates a sense of exclusivity and encourages consumers to buy quickly before the product is gone
17. Forced obsolescence - Some companies may intentionally make their products difficult to repair or upgrade, forcing consumers to buy new products rather than fixing their existing ones.
18. Debt culture - Many consumers are encouraged to buy now and pay later, leading to a culture of debt and overconsumption. This can result in financial hardship and create a cycle of constant consumption.
19. Planned production delays - Some companies intentionally delay the production or release of new products to create hype and anticipation, encouraging consumers to buy more when the product finally becomes available.
20. Addiction engineering - In some industries, such as the gaming industry, products are designed to be addictive and keep consumers engaged for longer periods, encouraging more frequent use and potentially leading to negative effects on mental health.

Human - all too Human? What drives us?

Human behaviour is of course quite complex and influenced by various factors such as culture, socialisation, and individual differences. However, here are some of the most commonly cited human traits that have driven human behaviour throughout history:

1. Self-interest and survival: One of the most fundamental human traits is self-interest, which is driven by the desire for survival. This instinct has motivated humans to work hard, innovate, and accumulate resources to ensure their survival and that of their families.
2. Greed and the desire for wealth: Another powerful human trait is greed, the desire to accumulate wealth and material possessions beyond what is necessary for survival. Greed has led to the development of markets, trade, and capitalism as people seek to increase their wealth and status.
3. Curiosity and exploration: Humans are naturally curious and have a strong desire to explore and discover new things. This curiosity has led to the exploration of new lands, the discovery of new technologies, and the advancement of science and knowledge.
4. Social connection and relationships: Humans are social creatures and have a strong need for connection and relationships with others. This has led to the development of social structures and institutions, such as families, communities, and governments.
5. Altruism and empathy: Despite the emphasis on self-interest and greed, humans also have the capacity for altruism and empathy. These traits have led to the development of social welfare programmes, charitable organisations, and other efforts to help those in need.

How traits turned into systems and structures

The five fundamental human traits mentioned earlier have played a significant role in shaping the systems and structures we live in today. Here are some examples of how these traits have influenced various systems:

1. Self-interest and survival has influenced economic systems, such as capitalism, where individuals are motivated to work hard and innovate to increase their wealth and ensure their survival. It has also influenced political systems, where leaders and governments seek to ensure the security and survival of their citizens.
2. Greed and the desire for wealth has played a significant role in the development of capitalist economic systems, where the accumulation of wealth is a primary goal. It has also influenced political systems, where leaders may be motivated by the desire for power and control.
3. Curiosity and exploration has influenced scientific and technological advancements, such as space exploration, the development of new technologies, and advancements in medicine.
4. Social connection and relationships have influenced the development of social structures and institutions, such as families, communities, and governments. It has also influenced social welfare programs and charitable organisations that seek to help those in need.
5. Altruism and empathy has influenced the development of social welfare programs, charitable organisations, and other efforts to help those in need. It has also influenced political systems, where leaders may seek to promote social justice and equality.

How the textile industry flourished

Let’s have a closer look into a more in-depth exploration of how those five fundamental human traits have contributed to the current state of the textile industry:

Self-Interest and Survival:

One of the most significant factors that have contributed to the state of the textile industry today is the self-interest and survival of the businesses involved. In the face of intense competition, companies have sought to maximise profits by cutting costs, accelerating production, and seeking cheap labor and resources. This has resulted in the widespread use of unsustainable practices such as the overconsumption of natural resources, the use of synthetic fabrics, and the disposal of toxic waste.

The intense pressure to maximise profits has also led to labor exploitation, particularly in developing countries where workers are often paid low wages and work long hours in poor conditions. This creates a vicious cycle of poverty, as workers are unable to afford basic necessities, which in turn leads to an over-reliance on cheap, fast fashion. Ultimately, the short-term gain of these practices has led to long-term environmental and social harm, which in turn threatens the viability of the entire industry.

Greed and the Desire for Wealth:

Greed, the desire to accumulate wealth and possessions beyond what is necessary for survival, has played a significant role in the current state of the textile industry. The fashion industry is driven by the need to produce and sell new products, with consumers constantly looking for the latest trends. This has led to the rise of fast fashion, which prioritises low prices and rapid production over the longevity and quality of the product.

The fast fashion model has created a culture of overconsumption and waste, as consumers purchase clothes at an unprecedented rate, only to dispose of them quickly. The desire for profits has also led to the exploitation of labor and natural resources, with companies prioritising cost-cutting measures and profit over the well-being of workers and the environment. Ultimately, this approach has contributed to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and labor exploitation.

Curiosity and Exploration:

The human desire for novelty and exploration has also contributed to the current state of the textile industry. The constant need for new products and trends has resulted in a culture of overconsumption and waste, as consumers purchase new clothes at a rapid rate. This approach has put a significant strain on natural resources, as the production of clothes requires a significant amount of energy, water, and raw materials.

The rise of fast fashion has only exacerbated this issue, as consumers purchase clothes with the intention of disposing of them quickly. The rapid pace of production and consumption has led to environmental degradation, with the production of textiles accounting for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Social Connection and Relationships:

The interconnected nature of the global economy has contributed to the current state of the textile industry. Companies are often based in one country but rely on labor and resources from other countries. This has created a lack of accountability and transparency, making it difficult for consumers to understand the true cost and impact of the clothes they buy. The result is a disconnect between consumers and the environmental and social consequences of their choices.

Furthermore, the globalisation of the industry has led to the erosion of traditional, local textile industries. The dominance of fast fashion and mass-produced clothes has put significant pressure on local artisans and weavers, leading to the loss of traditional techniques and cultural practices. This has led to the loss of cultural heritage and a decrease in the diversity of textile production methods.

Altruism and Empathy:

Despite the environmental and social harm caused by the textile industry, there is often a lack of action and commitment to making meaningful changes. This may be due to a lack of understanding or empathy for the individuals and communities affected by the industry's harmful practices. However, there are also individuals and organisations working to address the problems of the textile industry.

There are efforts to promote sustainable fashion and ethical production, including certification programs such as Fair Trade and organic cotton, as well as a growing number of sustainable and ethical fashion brands that prioritise workers' rights and environmental sustainability.

How did we get to where we are today?

At the very root of the textile industry's issues are systemic problems related to our economic and social systems. These include:

1. Capitalism: The textile industry's growth and expansion have been driven by the capitalist system, which prioritises profit over sustainability and social responsibility. Companies are encouraged to maximise their profits, often at the expense of the environment and workers.
2. Consumerism: The culture of consumption, fuelled by advertising and social media, has created a demand for fast fashion and disposable clothing. Consumers are encouraged to purchase new clothing frequently, leading to a cycle of overproduction and waste.
3. Economic Inequality: The globalisation of the textile industry has led to the exploitation of workers in developing countries, where labor costs are low. This exploitation perpetuates economic inequality, where a few benefit from the profits while many suffer from poor working conditions and low wages.
4. Lack of Transparency: The textile industry lacks transparency, making it difficult for consumers to know the environmental and social impact of their purchases. This lack of transparency allows companies to prioritise profit over sustainability and social responsibility.
5. Synthetic Materials: The production of synthetic materials (primarily petrochemicals), such as polyester and nylon, has a significant impact on the environment. These materials are derived from non-renewable resources and require large amounts of energy to produce. Additionally, the microfibres shed by synthetic clothing during washing contribute to the pollution of waterways and the ocean.

The capitalist system, with its emphasis on self-interest and the accumulation of wealth, has contributed to the negative impacts of the textile industry. The pursuit of profit has led companies to prioritise cost-cutting measures and fast fashion production over ethical and sustainable practices. This has resulted in exploitative labor conditions, environmental degradation, and the disposal of massive amounts of textile waste.

The desire for cheap clothing and the need for constant novelty has created a culture of overconsumption and a throwaway mentality, where clothing is viewed as disposable and easily replaceable. This has led to the rise of fast fashion, a business model built on producing clothing quickly and cheaply, with little regard for the workers, the environment, or the longevity of the product.

The negative effects of the textile industry, including pollution and labor exploitation, have a disproportionate impact on marginalised communities, including women, people of colour, and those living in developing countries. These communities are often the ones most affected by the environmental and social impacts of the industry, with little access to resources or the ability to demand change.

The development of the textile industry is closely linked to the history of colonisation and imperialism, with certain powers exploiting the resources and labour of colonised countries to fuel their own industrial growth. This legacy of exploitation arguably continues today, as companies continue to source materials and labour from countries with looser labour and environmental regulations than their own.

In order to address the negative impacts of the textile industry, there needs to be a shift towards more sustainable and ethical practices, such as investing in renewable energy, reducing waste and pollution, and promoting fair labor practices. Additionally, there needs to be a fundamental shift in the way we think about clothing and consumption, moving away from the fast fashion model and towards a more conscious and responsible approach to fashion.

Where the textile industry stands today

The textile industry is no doubt a vital part of the global economy, employing millions of people and providing clothing and other textiles for consumers around the world. However, the industry is also facing significant challenges related to sustainability, labour rights, and environmental impact. In recent years, there has been growing awareness of these issues, and many companies are working to improve their practices and reduce their impact on people and the planet. In this context, understanding the current state of the textile industry is essential for anyone who cares about sustainability and ethical consumerism. Here some less pleasing stats not suitable for bedtime reading:

1. The textile industry is responsible for approximately 10% of global carbon emissions, more than the aviation and shipping industries combined. (Source: United Nations Climate Change, 2021)
2. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) states that the production of textiles is responsible for 5-10% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
3. The production of cotton, the most commonly used natural fibre, requires massive amounts of water - up to 20,000 litres per kilogram - and has led to the drying up of rivers and lakes in countries such as Uzbekistan. (Source: World Wildlife Fund, 2021)
4. Synthetic fibres such as polyester are derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil fuels, and their production contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. (Source: United Nations, 2019)
5. The textile industry is the second-largest consumer of water after agriculture and is responsible for more than 20% of global wastewater. (Source: World Bank, 2019)
6. The production of synthetic fibres releases microplastics into the environment, which can take hundreds of years to decompose and have been found in the air, water, and soil. (Source: World Economic Forum, 2021)
7. The textile industry is responsible for a significant portion of global water pollution, as chemicals used in textile dyeing and finishing end up in water bodies, harming aquatic ecosystems and human health. (Source: United Nations, 2019)
8. The textile industry is linked to deforestation and habitat destruction, as forests are cleared to make way for cotton plantations and other textile materials. (Source: Rainforest Action Network, 2021)
9. The textile industry is responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation of materials and finished products across the globe. (Source: World Resources Institute, 2021)
10. The textile industry is linked to soil degradation and erosion, as intensive cultivation and the use of agrochemicals lead to reduced soil fertility and erosion. (Source: United Nations, 2021)
11. The textile industry is responsible for the depletion of natural resources such as land, water, and energy, contributing to ecological imbalances and the loss of biodiversity. (Source: United Nations, 2019)
12. The textile industry has been linked to high levels of labor exploitation and human rights violations, particularly in countries with weak labor laws and limited oversight. (Source: Clean Clothes Campaign, 2021)
13. Workers in textile factories are often exposed to hazardous chemicals and unsafe working conditions, leading to health problems such as respiratory diseases and skin irritation. (Source: International Labour Organization, 2021)
14. The fast fashion business model, characterised by low prices and high turnover, promotes overconsumption and the disposal of clothing after only a few uses, leading to massive amounts of waste. (Source: United Nations Environment Programme, 2018)
15. The textile industry is responsible for a significant portion of global waste, as discarded clothing and textiles often end up in landfills, contributing to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. (Source: World Resources Institute, 2021)
16. The textile industry contributes to the exploitation and displacement of Indigenous peoples, particularly in countries such as Peru and Ecuador, where traditional communities are often forced off their land to make way for cotton plantations. (Source: Indigenous Environmental Network, 2021)
17. The textile industry has been linked to the release of hazardous chemicals into the air, leading to air pollution and respiratory problems for nearby communities.
18. The industry has been linked to the exploitation of indigenous peoples, particularly in countries such as Peru and Ecuador, where traditional communities are often forced off their land to make way for cotton plantations. (Source: Indigenous Environmental Network, 2021)
19. The textile industry has been linked to the release of hazardous chemicals into the air, leading to air pollution and respiratory problems for nearby communities. (Source: Greenpeace, 2020)
20. The industry's unsustainable practices have led to the depletion of natural resources such as water, land, and energy, and if unchecked, could lead to the collapse of entire ecosystems. (Source: United Nations, 2021)

Let’s not be kidding each other: The textile industry is a significant contributor to over-production, and this issue is not limited to the fast fashion sector. Fast fashion companies have created a culture of disposability that encourages consumers to buy cheap, low-quality clothing that is quickly discarded, leading to a constant need for new products and an increase in overall textile production. According to the documentary "The True Cost" (2015), the fast fashion industry produces an estimated 80 billion new garments every year, causing a significant strain on the environment.

According to the "Fashion at the Crossroads" report by the Global Fashion Agenda and The Boston Consulting Group (2020), overproduction is present across many areas of the textile industry, including fast fashion, home textiles, and technical textiles. The report states that 39 million tonnes of polyester, the most commonly used fibre in textiles, are produced annually, with an estimated 60% of this production ending up in landfill or incineration.

The European Environmental Bureau's report "Textiles in the Circular Economy" (2018) also notes that an estimated 33% of home textiles are not used, and many are discarded after only a few uses. Therefore, it is safe to say that overproduction is a significant issue in both the fast fashion sector and other areas of the textile industry.

But there is hope!

There is a lot of movement in the industry big and small besides uncountable corporate, producer and private initiatives. Here a number of amazing initiatives run by non-profits. These organisations have made significant contributions to the textile industry as a whole, promoting sustainability, circular practices, worker's rights, and environmental protection. Their initiatives have had an impact beyond just the fashion industry, as they encourage responsible production and consumption of textiles more broadly.

1. Ellen MacArthur Foundation - A non-profit organisation that promotes a circular economy and has launched the Make Fashion Circular initiative to encourage sustainable practices in the fashion industry.
2. Sustainable Apparel Coalition - A group of leading apparel and footwear brands, retailers, and manufacturers that works to reduce the environmental and social impacts of apparel and footwear products.
3. Textile Exchange - A global non-profit organisation that promotes sustainability in the textile industry and develops standards for responsible fibre production and processing.
4. The Better Cotton Initiative - A non-profit organisation that promotes sustainable cotton farming practices and supports the livelihoods of cotton farmers.
5. ZDHC Foundation - A group of major apparel and footwear brands that works to eliminate hazardous chemicals from textile production.
6. Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) - A standard for organic fibres that ensures environmentally and socially responsible production of textiles.
7. Bluesign - A system that provides a comprehensive solution for sustainable textile production that focuses on minimising the impact of textiles on people and the environment.
8. Made-By - A non-profit organisation that works with fashion brands and retailers to improve sustainability in their supply chains.
9. Canopy - A non-profit organisation that works to protect the world's forests and encourages the use of sustainable alternatives to wood-based fabrics like viscose and rayon.
10. WRAP - A non-profit organisation that promotes sustainable production practices and supports workers' rights in the apparel and textile industry.
11. The Higg Index - A sustainability assessment tool for the apparel and footwear industry that helps companies measure and improve their environmental and social performance.
12. The Textile Mission - A non-profit organisation that supports traditional textile communities and promotes the use of natural and sustainable materials.
13. The Sustainable Fashion Alliance - A global community of sustainable fashion professionals that supports the growth of sustainable fashion.
14. Remake - A non-profit organisation that raises awareness about the impact of fast fashion and encourages consumers to buy less and better quality clothing.
15. Fashion Revolution - A non-profit organisation that campaigns for greater transparency and sustainability in the fashion industry.
16. Common Objective - A global platform that connects sustainable fashion professionals and provides resources to promote sustainable practices.
17. The Circular Fashion Summit - An annual event that brings together fashion industry professionals to discuss and promote circular fashion practices.
18. The Fashion for Good initiative - A global platform that promotes and funds sustainable innovations in the fashion industry.
19. The Resellfridges initiative - A resale platform launched by the UK department store Selfridges to promote circular fashion practices.
20. Re:newcell - A Swedish start-up that has developed a process for recycling cotton and other cellulosic fibres into new fabrics, reducing the need for new raw materials and diverting waste from landfills.

While NGOs and governmental organisations play an essential role in promoting sustainability in the textile industry, private industries are responsible for a significant portion of the environmental impact of textile production. Therefore, it is essential for private industries to take significant steps towards sustainability - such as (and by no means limited to):

• Interface, a carpet manufacturer, aims to achieve a net-zero carbon footprint by 2040 and has developed a process to recycle fishing nets into carpet tiles.
• DuPont Biomaterials has developed a line of bio-based materials for use in apparel, home furnishings, and other textiles, which have a reduced environmental impact compared to traditional petroleum-based materials.
• Milliken & Company, an industrial textile manufacturer, has developed a line of eco-friendly products made from recycled materials and implemented a closed-loop system for water and waste management in its manufacturing processes.
• Bolt Threads has developed a technology that uses yeast to produce spider silk, a sustainable and biodegradable alternative to traditional textiles.
• Bionic Yarn has developed a technology to turn ocean plastics into high-performance fabrics for use in apparel, accessories, and home furnishings.
• The Renewal Workshop partners with apparel brands to extend the life of their products by repairing and reselling them, reducing waste and promoting a circular economy.
• Evrnu has developed a technology to turn textile waste into a renewable fibre, which can be used to create new fabrics with a lower environmental impact.
• Ecovative Design has developed a sustainable alternative to synthetic foams and plastics, using mushroom-based materials for use in packaging and other applications.
• Stony Creek Colors has developed natural, plant-based dyes as an alternative to synthetic dyes, reducing water pollution and promoting sustainable agriculture.
• The Better Cotton Initiative works with cotton farmers and retailers to promote sustainable cotton production and reduce the environmental impact of cotton farming.

Fortunately, many private textile companies are starting to recognise the need for sustainability and are taking action to reduce their environmental impact. For example, H&M, one of the world's largest fashion retailers, has committed to becoming 100% circular and climate positive by 2030. They have launched several sustainability initiatives, including their "Conscious Collection" made from sustainable materials and their garment recycling program. Another example is Levi Strauss & Co., which has set science-based targets for reducing carbon emissions and water use in its production process.

Other textile companies, such as Adidas, Nike, and Patagonia, have also made significant sustainability commitments and launched interesting initiatives to reduce their environmental impact. These and many other companies are implementing sustainable materials, investing in renewable energy, reducing waste, recycling and improving supply chain transparency.

However, it is also true that there is still much work to be done. The textile industry needs to continue to push towards sustainability - and real quick! Private industries must make more significant commitments and take concrete steps to reduce their environmental impact, work towards a circular economy, and ensure the welfare of workers throughout their supply chains.

What can Nanotechnology do?

Lotus Nano is an industrial nanocoating company that specialises in providing solutions to various industries, including textiles. The science of nanotechnology is not widely known or understood by the general public, and the industry often struggles with marketing and promoting its capabilities effectively. At Lotus Nano, we believe it is important to highlight the progress that has already been made in the field of nanotechnology and share the ongoing efforts to further enhance the sustainability of the textile industry.

While the scientific community and industry experts are aware of the vast potential of nanotechnology, the public's knowledge about the technology and its applications is often limited. This can be attributed to various reasons, including the complexity of the technology, the lack of awareness campaigns, and the challenges associated with communicating scientific concepts to non-experts.

Additionally, there is some level of skepticism and fear surrounding the use of nanotechnology due to concerns about potential environmental and health risks. It is essential for researchers and companies working in the field and companies like us to address these concerns and promote transparency about the safety of nanotechnology applications.

Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field that has the potential to revolutionise the textile industry. It involves the manipulation and engineering of materials at the nanoscale, which is typically less than 100 nanometers in size.

By utilising the unique properties of nanoparticles, nanotechnology can enhance various stages of the textile lifecycle, from the raw materials to the finished products, and even at the end of a product's life.

Nanotechnology is particularly relevant to the textile industry, as it has the potential to improve the entire lifecycle of textiles, from production to disposal. By using nanotechnology, it is possible to create textiles with enhanced properties and functionalities, such as increased strength, durability, and water resistance. Additionally, nanocoatings can be applied to textiles to provide antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties, which can improve the hygiene and longevity of textile products.

Nanotechnology can also be used to improve the sustainability of the textile industry. By incorporating nanomaterials into textile production, it is possible to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy required, while also reducing waste and pollution. For example, nanocellulose fibres can be used to create textiles that are more sustainable and eco-friendly than traditional textiles made from synthetic fibres.

Moreover, nanotechnology can improve the end-of-life of textile products. By incorporating nanoparticles into textile materials, it is possible to create fabrics that can be easily disassembled and recycled. This can reduce the amount of textile waste that ends up in landfills and reduce the environmental impact of textile production.

Before textile production

Nanotechnology can be used even before textiles are produced. Here are some ways that nanotechnology can be used to enhance raw materials:

• Nanoparticle-enhanced natural fibres: Nanoparticles can be added to natural fibres such as cotton or wool to enhance their properties. For example, adding nanoparticles of zinc oxide to cotton can make it more resistant to bacteria and fungi, reducing the need for harmful pesticides. Nanoparticles of silver can also be added to cotton to make it antimicrobial, preventing the growth of bacteria and reducing odours.
• Nanofibre production: Nanofibres can be produced using electrospinning, a process that uses an electric field to create fibres with diameters in the nanometer range. These nanofibres can be used to create textiles with unique properties, such as improved strength and breathability.
• Nanoencapsulation: This involves the use of nanoparticles to encapsulate active ingredients such as vitamins or fragrance. These nanoparticles can be applied to natural fibers, enhancing their properties and creating new functionalities such as fragrance release.

During the textile production

During the textile production process, nanotechnology can be used to enhance various properties of the fabrics. Here are some ways that nanotechnology can be used during the textile production process:

• Self-cleaning fabrics: Nanoparticles can be added to fabrics to create a self-cleaning effect. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, for example, can break down organic matter when exposed to UV light, which can be used to create fabrics that can clean themselves when exposed to sunlight.
• Water and stain-resistant fabrics: Nanoparticles can be added to fabrics to make them water and stain-resistant. Fluorocarbon-based nanoparticles, for example, can create a barrier on the surface of the fabric, preventing liquids and stains from penetrating the fibres.
• UV-resistant fabrics: Nanoparticles can be added to fabrics to make them UV-resistant. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, for example, can absorb UV radiation and protect the skin from harmful UV rays.
• Antimicrobial fabrics: Nanoparticles can be added to fabrics to make them antimicrobial, preventing the growth of bacteria and reducing odours. Silver nanoparticles, for example, can be added to fabrics to make them antimicrobial, which is especially useful for medical textiles.
• Smart textiles: Nanotechnology can be used to create smart textiles that can sense and respond to changes in the environment. For example, carbon nanotubes can be embedded in fabrics to create sensors that can detect changes in temperature, pressure, or humidity.

End of life

At the end of a textile's life, nanotechnology can also play a role in reducing waste and creating a circular economy. Here are some ways that nanotechnology can be used at the end of a product's life:

• Recycling textiles: Nanotechnology can be used to improve the efficiency of textile recycling processes. For example, nanoparticles can be added to fabrics to make them easier to recycle, by breaking down the fibres and separating the different components.
• Energy recovery: Nanotechnology can be used to recover energy from textile waste. For example, nanomaterials can be used to extract energy from organic waste materials, such as cotton or wool, through a process called pyrolysis.
• Composting textiles: Biodegradable textiles created through nanotechnology can be composted, providing a sustainable solution for textile waste.
• Nanocellulose fibres: Nanocellulose fibres can be extracted from waste materials such as wood pulp or cotton linter, and used to create sustainable textiles with unique properties. Nanocellulose fibres are strong, lightweight, and have high moisture-wicking properties, making them ideal for sports and outdoor wear.
• Recycled textiles: Nanotechnology can be used to create fabrics from recycled materials. For example, PET bottles and polyester textile waste can be recycled and transformed into polyester fibres. The use of nanotechnology in textile recycling can improve the efficiency of the process and create high-quality fibres from waste materials. It also reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and conserves natural resources, making it an important step towards sustainability in the textile industry.
• Upcycling: Nanotechnology can play a vital role in the upcycling of textiles by improving the properties of waste materials and creating functional coatings that enhance the performance of upcycled products. This can include increasing their strength, flexibility, and durability. NT can also enhance the colour and texture of the materials, making them more aesthetically pleasing.
• Nanoparticle-based dyeing: Traditional dyeing methods use large amounts of water and chemicals, which can be harmful to the environment. Nanotechnology can provide an alternative solution by using nanoparticle-based dyeing. Nanoparticles can be added to fabrics to create a desired colour without the need for water or chemicals. This can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the textile industry.
• Nanoparticle-based coatings: Nanoparticles can be used to create coatings for textiles that enhance their durability and functionality. For example, nanoparticles of graphene oxide can be used to create coatings that make fabrics more durable, water-resistant, and fire-resistant.
• Biodegradable textiles: Nanotechnology can be used to create biodegradable textiles that break down naturally in the environment. For example, nanoparticles of chitosan can be added to fabrics to make them biodegradable, reducing the amount of textile waste that ends up in landfills.

Using Nanotechnology to improve textile properties

The use of nanotechnology has allowed for the creation of textiles with improved properties such as strength, durability, and water resistance since the early 2000s. This technology has found applications in various areas including medical textiles, sportswear, and outdoor gear, providing several advantages.

a) Water Repellency and Breathability

One of the most significant applications of nanocoatings in textiles is the creation of fabrics with enhanced water repellency and breathability. By using nanocoatings, manufacturers can create fabrics that are more resistant to water, while also allowing air to pass through the material. This makes them ideal for use in outdoor and sportswear, where protection from the elements is critical.

Nanocoatings are used in two ways to enhance the water repellency of fabrics: by creating a superhydrophobic surface and by creating a hydrophilic surface. A superhydrophobic surface is one that repels water and other liquids due to its unique surface structure, which causes the liquid to bead up and roll off the surface. On the other hand, a hydrophilic surface attracts water and other liquids, making them ideal for use in moisture-wicking fabrics.

b) Stain Resistance

In addition to reducing the need for cleaning, nanocoatings can also reduce the need for harsh chemicals in the cleaning process. Traditional stain treatments often require harsh chemicals such as bleach or ammonia to remove stains, which can damage the fabric and be harmful to the environment. Nanocoatings, on the other hand, can make fabrics self-cleaning or water-repellent, reducing the need for harsh chemicals and making cleaning easier and more sustainable.

c) Odour Control and Antimicrobial Properties:

Nanocoatings can also provide odour control and antimicrobial properties to textiles and fabrics, making them more hygienic and reducing the risk of infection. This is particularly important in healthcare settings, where textiles and fabrics can harbour harmful bacteria and viruses that can cause illness.

Odour controlling nanocoatings, on the other hand, can prevent the buildup of odours on textiles and fabrics, making them more hygienic and pleasant to use. This is particularly important for sports apparel and outdoor gear, as well as for textiles used in automotive and aerospace applications.

In addition to their hygienic properties, nanocoatings can also improve the durability and performance of textiles and fabrics. By providing protection against stains, odours, and microbial growth, nanocoatings can extend the life of the fabric, reducing the need for frequent replacement and saving on material and labor costs over time.

d) Self-Cleaning Textiles

One common approach to creating self-cleaning textiles is to incorporate nanoparticles into the fabric's fibres or coating. These nanoparticles can form a hydrophobic or oleophobic layer on the fabric's surface, making it resistant to water, oil, and other liquids. When dirt or other contaminants come into contact with the fabric, they are repelled and can be easily wiped away.

Another approach involves incorporating photocatalytic nanomaterials, such as titanium dioxide, into the fabric. When exposed to light, these materials can break down organic compounds and bacteria that accumulate on the fabric surface, effectively cleaning it.

Self-cleaning textiles have several potential applications, including in clothing, upholstery, and outdoor gear. They can reduce the need for frequent washing or cleaning, which can save water and energy and extend the lifespan of the fabric. Additionally, they can provide benefits such as improved hygiene and odour control.

Advantages of Using Nanocoatings in Textile Manufacturing Today

In addition to the various applications of nanocoatings in textiles, there are also several advantages to using nanocoatings in textile manufacturing. These include:

Reduced Use of Harmful Chemicals

Traditional textile manufacturing often involves the use of harmful chemicals, such as formaldehyde and chlorine, which can be harmful to both workers and the environment. By using nanocoatings, manufacturers can reduce the use of these chemicals, resulting in a safer and more sustainable manufacturing process.

Longer Lifespan for Textiles

Nanocoatings can provide long-lasting protection to textiles and fabrics, ensuring that they retain their properties over time. By creating a durable layer of protection on the surface of the fabric, nanocoatings can prevent wear and tear and extend the life of the fabric. This reduces the need for frequent replacement, saving textile manufacturers material and labour costs over time.

Creation of New Product Categories

Nanocoatings can be used to create new product categories that were previously impossible to manufacture. For example, nanocoatings can be used to create fabrics with integrated electronics or to create textiles that can change colour or pattern based on the environment.

Enhanced durability

Nanocoatings can significantly improve the durability of textiles and fabrics by making them more resistant to wear and tear, abrasion, and other forms of damage. By creating a thin layer of protective coating on the surface of the fabric, nanocoatings can prevent the penetration of water, dirt, and other contaminants that can cause damage over time. This results in textiles and fabrics that retain their quality and appearance for a longer period of time, reducing the need for frequent replacement.

Improved sustainability

Nanocoatings can play a significant role in improving the sustainability of textile production by reducing the use of harsh chemicals, water, and energy. For example, by making textiles and fabrics water and stain resistant, nanocoatings can reduce the need for frequent washing, which can save on water and energy costs. In addition, by reducing the need for harsh chemicals in the textile production process, nanocoatings can significantly reduce the environmental impact of textile production.

Increased safety

Nanocoatings can impart various safety properties to textiles and fabrics, making them suitable for various applications. For example, nanocoatings can provide flame retardancy to textiles, making them suitable for use in high-risk environments such as hospitals or industrial settings. In addition, nanocoatings can provide antimicrobial activity to textiles, making them more hygienic and reducing the risk of infection.

Enhanced performance and functionality

Nanocoatings can significantly enhance the performance and functionality of textiles and fabrics by imparting various properties such as water repellency, oil resistance, and stain resistance. For example, nanocoatings can make sportswear and outdoor apparel more water-resistant, keeping the wearer dry and comfortable in wet conditions. Similarly, nanocoatings can make upholstery more stain-resistant, making it easier to clean and maintain.

Improved aesthetics

Nanocoatings can enhance the appearance of textiles and fabrics by making them more vibrant, shiny, or matte. For example, nanocoatings can create a metallic or iridescent finish on fabrics, adding a decorative touch to fashion and design applications. Additionally, nanocoatings can create embossed or textured patterns on fabrics, providing a unique look and feel.

Cost-effective

Nanocoatings can significantly reduce the cost of textile production by reducing the need for expensive treatments such as dyeing, printing, and finishing. By imparting properties such as water repellency and stain resistance to fabrics, nanocoatings can eliminate the need for these costly treatments, saving textile manufacturers time and money. In addition, by reducing the need for frequent washing, nanocoatings can also save on water and energy costs.

Customisable

Nanocoatings can be tailored to meet the specific needs of textile and fabric manufacturers. For example, nanocoatings can be designed to provide specific properties such as hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, or conductivity, depending on the application. This customisation allows textile and fabric manufacturers to create products that meet the unique needs of their customers.

Example Use Cases of Nano Textiles / Fabrics Today

• Sports apparel: Nanotech coatings can be applied to athletic clothing to enhance their performance and durability. For example, a hydrophobic coating can be added to fabric to repel water and sweat, while a nanofibre membrane can provide breathability and insulation.
• Medical textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles used in medical settings to enhance their safety and effectiveness. For example, a silver-based coating can provide antibacterial properties, while a graphene oxide coating can make textiles flame-retardant.
• Home textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to home textiles such as curtains, carpets, and bedding to enhance their durability and performance. For example, a self-cleaning coating can help repel dirt and stains, while a UV-resistant coating can prevent fading and damage from sunlight.
• Military and protective gear: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles used in military and protective gear to enhance their safety and performance. For example, a Kevlar-based nanofibre can create a stronger and more durable textile, while a carbon nanotube coating can provide flame-retardant and conductive properties.
• Sustainable textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles to make them more sustainable by reducing the need for chemical treatments and extending the life of the textile. For example, a nanoparticle coating can provide antibacterial properties without the need for chemical treatments, while a nanofibre reinforcement can make the textile more durable and long-lasting.
• Smart textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles to create "smart" textiles that can sense and respond to their environment. For example, a carbon nanotube coating can create a conductive textile that can be used for touchscreens or wearable sensors.
• Fashion textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to fashion textiles to create unique aesthetic effects. For example, a nanoparticle coating can create a metallic or iridescent effect, while a nanofibre reinforcement can create a textured surface.
• Energy textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles to create energy-harvesting materials. For example, a dye-sensitised solar cell can be incorporated into textiles to create a flexible and wearable solar panel.
• Environmental textiles: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles to enhance their environmental performance. For example, a photocatalytic coating can help break down air pollutants, while a nanofibre filter can capture harmful particles from the air or water.
• Textile recycling: Nanotech coatings can be applied to textiles to make them easier to recycle or to create new, recycled textiles. For example, a nanofibre reinforcement can improve the strength and durability of recycled textiles, while a nanoparticle coating can help separate and sort different types of fibres for recycling.

Nanotechnology is not the magic bullet but it can make a huge difference in the entire lifecycle of the textile industry. By enhancing raw materials, improving the production process, and creating more sustainable and circular products, nanotechnology can help reduce the environmental impact of the textile industry and create a more sustainable future.

While there are still challenges and concerns surrounding the use of nanotechnology, such as the potential health and safety risks, the benefits of this vast technology sector cannot be ignored. It is essential for the textile industry to embrace nanotechnology and continue to explore new ways to innovate and create sustainable solutions for the future. Ultimately, it is a collective responsibility to work towards a more sustainable and ethical future for the textile industry. All our actions today will have consequences for the generations that follow ours - in good and in bad.

A final thought

The textile industry, known for its massive waste and harmful emissions, poses a great challenge to sustainable development. Despite the tremendous benefits that nanotechnology can offer to improve the sustainability of textile production and use, it alone cannot change the root cause of the problem, which lies in our consumption habits.

Nanotech innovations, such as enhancing textile durability, stain resistance, and moisture-wicking, can undoubtedly offer significant value to the industry. However, they cannot address the fundamental issue of excessive consumption and the fast fashion culture that dominates the textile industry. This industry model encourages consumers to indulge in inexpensive and disposable clothing, which only aggravates the existing environmental degradation.

To truly tackle the environmental impact of the textile industry, we must alter our consumption patterns and demand that manufacturers adopt more sustainable practices. This includes reducing our overall consumption of textiles, choosing high-quality and long-lasting products, and supporting companies that prioritise eco-friendly production methods.

While nanotech can certainly make a substantial difference in the industry's ecological footprint, it cannot single-handedly address the underlying systemic issues that lead to overconsumption and waste. Only through collective behavioural changes and demands for sustainable solutions can we create a textile industry that is more environmentally conscious and responsible, one that can be sustained for future generations.

This article is also available on Notion and on Medium

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